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Black, David. "Dreaming big: The pursuit of ‘second order’ games as a strategic response to globalization." Sport in Society 11 (2008): 467-480.

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This article examines the growing attraction of governments, North and South, to the hosting of “second order” sport mega-events (below the level of the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup) as a key dimension of their international relations. It is argued that, notwithstanding a growing body of sophisticated, critical scholarship on such events, their benefits continue to be chronically oversold and their opportunity costs minimized or overlooked. Their growing popularity therefore presents a puzzle that can be partly accounted for by the appeal and usefulness of such events as a strategic response to conditions of globalisation. Indeed, in the final analysis there are perfectly understandable reasons for the continued popularity of such event-centred strategies, and potential benefits to be derived from them. Nevertheless, both public officials and concerned citizens need to be more alert to their pitfalls, and should give more careful consideration to their opportunity costs and to alternative strategies. These arguments are illustrated with reference to Halifax, Canada’s aborted bid for the 2014 Commonwealth Games.

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